AGRICULTURE

     Fresh water fish in Namibia Fish farming is also on the increase in Namibia.  Rainbow trout and sharp tooth catfish are two of the main species cultured, and other species include various 'tilapias' as well as common carp, largemouth bass and goldfish as well as wide variety of ornamental fishes.  The main species found in abundance off the coast of Namibia are pilchards (sardines), anchovy, hake, and horse mackerel.  Smaller but equally significant quantities of sole, squid, deep-sea crab, rock lobster, and tuna, are also much sought after. Pilchard Sardines are small, silvery, elongated fishes with a single short dorsal fin, no lateral line, and no scales on the head. They range in length from about 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) and live in dense schools, migrating along the coast and feeding on plankton, of which they consume vast quantities.  They spawn mainly in spring, with the eggs and, a few days later, the larvae drifting passively until they metamorphose into fre

 Respiratory System of a fish Respiration is the process of taking in oxygen, using it in oxidation of glucose, releasing energy and eliminating waste products like carbon dioxide and water in the presence of respiratory enzymes. Respiration is brought about in two steps namely external respiration and internal respiration Respiration in fish takes place with the help of gills. Most fish possess gills on either side of their head. Gills are tissues made up of feathery structures called gill filaments providing a large surface area for exchange of gases. A large surface area is crucial for gas exchange in aquatic organisms as water contains very little amount of dissolved oxygen. The filaments in fish gills are organized in rows in the gill arch. Each filament comprises lamellae, which are discs supplied with capillaries. Blood moves in and out of the gills through these small blood vessels. Though gills in fish occupy only a small section of their body, the extensive respiratory surfac

 Non  Ruminant Animals Non-ruminant animals are characterized by their relatively simple digestive systems compared to ruminants. Unlike ruminants, which possess a multi-chambered stomach specifically adapted for fermenting and breaking down complex plant materials, non-ruminants have a single-chambered stomach. This basic structure means that their digestive process is more linear, with food moving through the stomach and into the intestines where it is broken down and nutrients are absorbed. This simpler system is effective for animals with diets that are less dependent on high-fiber plant materials or that consume a varied diet. In non-ruminant digestion, the stomach plays a crucial role in the initial breakdown of food. It secretes digestive acids and enzymes that start the process of protein digestion and the breakdown of other nutrients. From the stomach, the partially digested food, or chyme, moves into the small intestine. Here, digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from

 Respiratory System in animals     The respiratory system begins at the nose and ends at the distal alveoli. It is comprised of the upper and lower airways. The upper airway includes the nose, sinuses, and pharynx. The nose provides olfaction and temperature regulation in hyperthermic patients. The nasal turbinates initially humidify and warm air, and filter particulate matter. The lower airways include the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. The primary function of the respiratory system is to deliver oxygen to the lungs to be exchanged with carbon dioxide. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, which are comprised of one-cell-layer-thick membranes in which oxygen moves into the capillary and where carbon dioxide moves into the alveoli from the blood in the capillary. Failure or major dysfunction of gas transfer due to disease leads to respiratory distress or failure. Additional functions of the respiratory system include maintaining acid-base balance, acting as a blood reservoir

  Cereal Crops  Cereal crops are a fundamental component of  global agriculture and human nutrition, playing a crucial role in sustaining populations around the world. These crops, which include staples such as wheat, rice, maize, barley and oats are cultivated primarily for their edible grains. These grains are rich in carbohydrates, making them a primary energy source for billions of people. Beyond human consumption, cereal crops are also essential for animal feed, industrial applications and even the production of alcoholic beverages. Maize Maize requires a soil pH of 5.8-6.0. Soil microbial activity is optimized at pH levels around 6.0, increasing nutrient cycling and biological activity. When the soil pH drops below 5.5, Mg, calcium, K and molybdenum availability falls . Fertilization needs of Maize : Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) Maize crops use a small amounts of the phosphorous and potassium (potassic) fertilizers applied during the growing season. Phosphorous (P) use is 0.6